ARTICLES OR SPEECHES

RISING PRICES – A BURNING QUESTION IN THE PARLIAMENT

 ALMOST EVERY DAY THE PRICES ARE SHOWING AN UPWARD INCLINATION
 FOR THE MIDDLE CLASS IT HAS BECOME VERY DIFFICULT TO MAKE BOTH ENDS MEET
 A PERSON EARNING A MODERATE SALARY CAN’T LIVE COMFORTABLY NOW A DAY, LEAVE ALONE SAVING MONEY FOR THE RAINY DAY.
 ESSENTIAL ITEMS LIKE FOOD ARTICLES, FOOTWEAR, READY-MADE CLOTHES AND TRANSPORT FARES ARE BECOMING AN UNBEARABLE BURDEN TO THE COMMON MAN.
 HORDING, CURRUPT GOVT OFFICIALS ARE INSTRUMENTAL IN THE PRICE RISE.THE SHOPKEEPERS HAVE BECOME A MONOPOLY INCHARGING THE PRICES FOR THEIR OWN PROFITS.
 SO IT BECOMES THE GOVT’S MORAL DUTY TO REGULATE THE PRICES OF ALL THE COMMODITIES OF DAY TO DAY USE.
 DEFAULTERS MUST BE PUNISHEDFAIR PRICE SHOP SHOULD COME BACK TO PROVIDE ESSENTAIL COMMODITIES TO THE LESS FORTUNATE
 SO THAT THE COMMON MAN CAN LIVE WITH IN HIS RESPECTABLE MEANS.

ARTICLE OR SPEECHES

OUR ENVIORNMENTALLY POLLUTED CITY


 DELHI IS KNOWN TO BE THE MOST POLLUTED CITY AND IN OUR COUNTRY AND IT ALSO OCCUPIES THE THIRD POSITION IN THE WORLD.
 THOUSAND OF VEHICLES BELCH OUT TONNES OF SMOKE OVER THE CITY. IT CONTAINS CO2 AND CO AND OTHER POSIONOUS GASES AND THERE BY THREATENS THE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE OF NATURE IN THE CITY.
 THIS IS RESULTING IN CHANGES IN SEASON
 POLLUTION PRESENCE RESULTED IN THE DISAPPEARENCE OF FORESTS.
 GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT ARE GOING TO BE A REALITY IF NATURAL RESOURCES GET DEPLATED IN THE PRESENCE PACE.
 THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ARE ALREADY SEEN IN THE INCREASED NUMBER OF BREATHING RELATED DISEASES.
 DEAFNESS DUE TO NOISE POLLUTION IS ALSO ON THE INCREASE
 THE HEALTH OF THE CHILDREN IS THREATENED.

IF SOMETHING IS NOT DONE TO CHECK THE POLLUTION SOME DRAMATIC CHANGES IN THE NATURE ARE IN THE OFFING

THE UNION CABINET RESTRICTED THE USE OF LOUD SPEAKERS UNDER THE NOISE AND POLLUTION ACT 1985. THE LAWBREAKERS ARE PUNISHABLE.

POINTS FOR ARTICLE/SPEECH ON 'WOMEN EDUCATION AND CHILD CARE'

ARTICAL/ SPEECH

WOMEN EDUCATION AND CHILD CARE


 IT GAINED IMPORTANCE DURING THE INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S YEAR. IT IS NEEDLESS TO SAY THAT EDUCATION OF A MOTHER PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN THE INFANT MORALITY.IT IS SEEN THAT THE INFANT MORTALITY IS VERY LESS IN THE CASE OF ILLITERATE MOTHERS. BECAUSE OF THIS REASON IN VILLAGES THE INFANTS ARE DYING IN THE LARGE NUMBERS. FOR THIS REASON GOVT. IS ENCOURAGING MOBILE HOSPITALS TO REACH REMOTE VILLAGES AND ALSO ENCOURAGING THE YOUNG DOCTORS TO WORK IN REMOTE AREAS. THE GOVT. IS GIVING READY JOBS IN GOVT HOSPITALS WHEN THEY COME BACK. IN ADDITION TO THIS THERE ARE WOMEN VOLUNTEERING TO EDUCATE THE YOUNG MOTHERS.
 THE GOVT. IS ALSO TRYING TO ATTRACT TO GO TO SCHOOLS BY OFFERING ATTRACTIVE INCENTIVES.
 AFTER ALL THEY HAVE TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN TAKING CARE OF INFANT INDIA.IF SUCH THINGS ARE DONE IN THE RIGHT SPIRIT AND RIGHT TIME, THERE IS NO DEARTH FOR HAPPINESS FOR INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY.

stream of conciousness

NOTE ON STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS TECHNIQUE


'STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS' IS A COMMON WAY OF TRANSMITTING INFORMATION.EVENTS UNFOLD AS THEY CAME TO SPEAKER'S MIND.THE STORY MAY BE BASED ON SEQUENCE, OR SIMPLY BASED ON STORYTELLERS "CONCEPT OF RELEVANCE".

STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS, IN LITERATURE, IS TECHNIQUE THAT RECORDS THE MULTIFLRIOUS THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS OF A CHARACTER WITHOUT REGARD TO LOGICAL ARGUMENT OR NARRATIVE SEQUENCE. THE WRITER ATTEMPTS BY STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS TO REFLECT ALL THE FORCES, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL, INFLUENCING THE PSYCHOLOGY OF A CHARACTER AT A SINGLE MOMENT. THE TECHNIQUE WAS FIRST EMPLOYED BYEDOUARD DUJARDIN IN HIS NOVEL "Les Laurie’s sent coupes"(1888) AND WAS SUBSEQUENTLY USED BY SUCH NOTABLE WRITERS AS JAMES JOYCE, VIRGINA WOOLF, AND WILLIAM FAULKNER. THE PHRASE "STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS" TO INDICATE THE FLOW OF INNER EXPERIENCE WAS FIRST USED BY WILLIAM JAMES IN "PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY"(1890).

IT IS A NARRATIVE TECHNIQUE IN WHICH THE WRITER RENDERS A FLOW OF ASSOCIATED THOUGHTS AND FEELING GIVING THE IMPRESSION OF ONE’S CONCIOUSNESSAS IT STREAMS THROUGH IDEAS VISUAL, AUDITORY, AND PHYSICAL. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS ‘INTERIOR MONOLOGUE’. WILLIAM FAULKNER USES STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS NARRATION AS A MEANS OF GETTING INSIDE THE HEADS OF HIS CHARACTERS AND ENHANCING THE STORY.

THE RISE OF THIS ART FORM ON THE EVE OF WORLD WAR I, MARKS AN EPOCH IN THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL.THE NOVEL IN WHICH THIS TECHNIQUE HAS BEEN USED IS ALSO CALLED NOVEL OF SUBJECTIVITY OR PSYCHOLOGICAL NOVEL. AS DAVID DAICHES SAYS, THERE ARE TWO IMPORTANT FACTORS OF STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS TECHNIQUE. ONE IS THE NEW CONCEPT OF TIME AS CONTINOUS FLOW, RATHER THAN AS A SERIES OF SEPARATE POINTS, A CONCEPT INDEPENDENTLY ENUNCIATED IN FRANCE, IN HENRI BERGSONS CONCEPT OF ‘LA DUREE’, AND IN AMERICA BY WILLIAM JAMES WITH HIS INTEREST IN THE CONTINUILY OF CONCIOUSNESS. BERGSONIAN IDEAS ABOUT TIME WERE IN THE AIR IN 1920’S AND INFLUENCED EVEN THOSE WRITERS WHO HAD NOT READ BERGONS. IT LEAD TO A SUSPICION OF THE OLD KIND OF PLOT NOVEL WHICH CARRIED THE CHARACTERS FORWARD FROM MOMEMENT TO MOMENT IN PRECISE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE AND THERE DEVELOPED INSTEAD THE KIND OF NARRATIVE TEXTURE THAT MOVED BACKWARD AND FORWARD WITH A NEW FREEDOM TO TRY TO CAPTURE THE SENSE OF TIME, AS IT ACTUALLY OPERATES IN THE HUMAN AWARENESS OF IT. CLOSELY LINKED TO THIS NEW VIEW OF TIME WAS THE VIEW OF CONCIOUSNESS DRIVING IN A GENERAL WAY FROM THE WORK OF FREUD AND JUNG, BUT CONCENTRATING ON THE FACT OF THE MULTIPLICITY OF CONCIOUSNESS, THE PRESENCE IN THE GIVEN CONCIOUSNESS OF THE PRESENCE IN THE GIVEN CONCIOUSNESS, OF ALL IT HAD EVER EXPERIENCED AND PERHAPS ALSO OF ALL THAT THE RACE HAD EXPERIENCED. THE INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITY IN THE SUM OF INDIVIDUAL’S MEMORIES, AND TO REGARD THE PAST AS SOMETHING TO BE RECALLED BY A CONCIOUS EFFORT OF MEMORY IS ON THIS VIEW TO DO VIOLENCE TO THE FACTS OF EXPERIENCE. THE PAST EXISTS ALWAYS IN THE PRESENT, COLOURING AND DETERMINIG THE NATURE OF THE PRESENT RESPONSE, AND TO TELL THE TRUTH ABOUT A CHARACTER’S REACTION TO ANY SITUTATION WE MUST TELL THE WHOLE TRUTH ABOUT EVERYTHING THAT WAS EVER HAPPENED TO HIM.

BERGERSON’S THEORY OF TIME HAS BEEN OF FAR REACHING SIGNIFICANCE IN THIS CONNECTION. HE DIVIDED TIME INTO INNER TIME OR DUREE OR PSYCHOLOGICAL TIME, AND CLOCK-TIME OR MECHANICAL TIME. OUT OF HIM MOST OF THE WRITERS HAS TAKEN STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS. HE IS A FRENCH THINKER. IN HIS BOOK, “ TIME AND FREE WILL” HE DELINATED CERTAIN TIME AND FREE WILL. HE SAYS, “INNER TIME” OR “DUREE” IS CONVINCED OF AS A FLOW, A CONTINOUS MOVING STREAM AND THE DIVISION INTO PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE AS ARTIFICIAL AND MECHANICAL. THE PAST LIVES ON IN PRESENT, IN MEMORY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES, AND HIS WAY IT ALSO SHAPES THE FUTURE. THE RESEARCHES REVEALED THAT THERE ARE LAYERS WITHIN LAYERS IN HUMAN CONCIOUSNESS. BENEATH THE CONCIOUS, THERE IS THE UNCONCIOUS. THE PAST LIVES ON IN THE SUB-CONCIOUS AND THE UNCONCIOUS THAN BY THE CONCIOUS.

THE STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS WAS FOUND IN A LABORATORY WHERE A PATIENT WAS ASKED TO TELL WHATEVER WAS GOING ON IN HIS MIND AND WHEN HE TOLD, IT WAS FOUND THAT, THER WAS NO RELEVANCE BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT THINGS HE TOLD. THIS SHOWS THAT STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS IS A CONTINOUS FLOW OF MIND. THINGS GOING ON IN THE MIND HAVE NO CONNECTION IN THEM.

VIRGINIA WOOLF SAYS, “Let us record the atoms as they fall upon the mind, in the order in which they fall, let us trace the pattern, however disconnected and incoherent in appearance, which each sight or incident scores upon the consciousness.”

IT IS A WAY OF RENDERING THE ‘PSYCHE’ OR SOUL OF CHARACTERS, ACCURATELY AND REALISTICALLY, AND THE SOUL, INNER REALITY CAN’T BE JUGED BY WHAT A CHARACTER SAYS OR DOES. THIS TECHNIQUE, ON THE OTHER HAND, PROVIDES A WAY OF, “PRESENTING CHARACTER OUTSIDE TIME AND PLACE, IN THE DOUBLE SENSE THAT FIRST IT SEPERATES THE PRESENTATION OF CONCIOUSNESS FROM THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF EVENTS, AND SECONDLY, IT ENABLES THE QUALITY OF A GIVEN STATE OF MIND TO BE INVESTIGATED SO COMPLETELY, BY MEANS OF PERSUING TO THEIR END THE REMOTE MENTAL ASSOCIATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS, THAT WE DO NOT NEED TO WAIT FOR TIME TO MAKE THE POTENTIAL ACTUAL, BEFORE WE CAN SEE THE WHOLE.”

MRS. WOOLF HA SHOWN GREAT SKILLS IN THE MANIPULATION OF TIME IN MRS. DALLOWY. THE CLOCK TIME IS MERELY A SINGLE DAY IN THE LIFE OF HEROINE, BUT IN THE CONCIOUSNESS OF MRS.DALLOWAY WE MOVE FREELY IN TIME AND SPACE, AND IN THIS WAY IS BUILT UP A PERFECT CREDIBLE AND ROUNDED PERSONALITY. WE EITHER STAND STILL IN TIME AND ARE LED TO CONTEMPLATE DIVERSE BUT CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS IN SPACE OR WE STAND STILL IN SPACE AND ARE ALLOWED TO MOVE UP AND DOWN IN THE CONCIOUSNESS OF AN INDIVIDUAL. AT ONE POINT, WE ARE HALTED IN LONDON STREET TO TAKE A PEEP INTO CONCIOUSNESS OF A VARIETY OF PEOPLE WHO ARE ALL ON THE SPOT AT THE SAME MOMENT IN THE SAME PLACE, AND AT ANOTHER, WE ARE HALTED WITHIN THE CONCIOUSNESS OF AN INDIVIDUAL MOVING UP AND DOWN IM THE TIME WITHIN THE LIMITS OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S MEMORY.

SOME CRITICS THINK THAT NOVEL WHICH USES THIS TECHNIQUE HAS ONLY A LIMITED FUTURE, BECAUSE IT IS SHAPELESS, AND MAKES EXCESSIVE DEMANDS UPON THE READER.

My Favourite Scientist(Essay)

Who is my favourite scientists and why?
Alfred Nobel, 1833–1896
by
Heidi Steyn,
Grade 7, Laerskool Skuilkrans, Pretoria
[Note: the original typed essay was illustrated.]
No longer known as “King of Dynamite”…
On 21 October 1833 Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He became
interested in science, especially chemistry, at a very young age. When he was eight, his
family moved to St Petersburg in Russia. His father was and engineer who had a factory
where powder-charged explosive mines were made. These were used during the Crimean
War. His mother was a descendent of Olof Rudbeck who discovered the lymphatic
system in 1651. Alfred had two older brothers, Robert and Ludvig, and a younger
brother, Emil.
As Alfred was not a healthy child he could not attend school, college or university — he
did all his studies on his own with the help of private tutors.
As a young man he enjoyed traveling and he became fluent in five languages. He was
interested in literature and in his spare time he wrote novels, plays and poetry. One of his
poems was published.
In 1863 the family returned to Sweden and Alfred worked in his father’s factory in
Heleneborg in Stockholm, He became fascinated with nitroglycerin — a highly volatile
material that he tried to stabilize. In other words, he tried to prevent it from evaporating
quickly. After years of experimenting he discovered that mixing a fine powder named
kieselguhr with nitroglycerin gave the desired effect. He called the explosive material he
had invented “dynamite”. In 1864 a terrible accident happened: five people including
Alfred’s younger brother Emil, then aged 20, were killed during an experiment with
dynamite. The shock was too much for Alfred’s father and he died of a stroke soon
afterwards.
Alfred himself was motivated by this accident to try to develop a less dangerous type of
dynamite. Instead of attempting to light the unstable liquid nitroglycerin directly, he used
a metal or wooden cap filled with ordinary black gunpowder. By using a slow-burning
fuse leading to the cap, the person who lit the fuse was given enough time to run away
before the explosion.
In 1867 Alfred patented dynamite and set up factories around the world. Soon dynamite
was manufactured in Sweden, Germany, Norway and America. The invention quickly
proved its usefulness in building and construction. The Alpine Tunnel that was blasted
using dynamite was a good example of Alfred’s invention. Rivers could be cleared and
channels cut. Underwater rocks in a river in New York could be removed so that it was
safer for ships. Soon Alfred Nobel was famous. But unfortunately not only construction
and mining companies, but also the military, ordered large quantities of explosives. Page 2

Nobel established laboratories in Stockholm, Hamburg, Paris, Bofors and San Remo for
research. The original form of dynamite was gradually replaced by gelatin dynamite,
which was safer to handle.
Alfred Nobel’s research also provided valuable information on the development of
artificial rubber, leather, silk, precious stones and synthetic materials. Eventually he had
355 patents registered! Sales of dynamite and income from his many other businesses all
over the world made him one of the wealthiest men in Europe.
Nobel was a pacifist and thought the discovery of dynamite would lead to peace. He
argued: “My dynamite will sooner lead to peace than a thousand world conventions. As
soon as men will find that in one instant whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they
surely will abide by golden peace.”
It did not work out the way he thought!
One day Alfred had a terrible shock when he opened his morning newspaper. The
newspaper in his home town received the news that he had died, and published his
obituary. In the obituary he was called the “King of Dynamite” and he was blamed for
the death and mutilation of thousands of people. He was described as the person who had
made horrors of warfare possible.
It was very bad for Alfred to realize how other saw his contribution to mankind. He did
not want to be remembered in such a way. He wanted to be remembered as a many of
science and of peace. “For my part,” he said three years before his death, “I wish all guns
with their belongings and everything could be sent to hell, which is the proper place for
their exhibition and use.”
In 1895 Nobel drew up his will and left most of his estate of $9 million in trust to
establish prizes for individuals whose contributions inspired the world: the well-known
Nobel Prizes. Alfred said: “If only a few out of a hundred such ideas ever bear fruit, I’ll
consider I have gained a rich result.”
A year later he died at the age of 63 of a heart attack in his home in San Remo, Italy, on
10 December 1896.
Today the Nobel prizes are still the most honoured prizes in the world. But the most
sought-after Nobel prize is the Nobel Peace Prize.
Well-known recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize were Mother Theresa and Martin Luther
King.
Alfred Nobel is my favourite scientist, because he is an example of what I think a
scientist should be: responsible and trying to contribute in a positive way to mankind as a
whole and to peace on earth. Especially today, with all sorts of new scientific research
and discoveries being made daily, I am sometimes scared of what the effects can be, for
example biological or nuclear war. The effects of genetic manipulation and cloning can
also be disastrous. Mad people might have thousands of replicas of themselves cloned, or
monsters may be created by genetic manipulation.
It is good that Alfred Nobel’s awards remind and inspire all scientists to contribute to the
benefit of humanity.
South Africa was very proud when former presidents Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk
shared the Nobel Prize for Peace. Other South Africans who recently received Nobel
prizes are J.M. Coetzee and Nadine Gordimer, who received Nobel prizes for Literature. IPage 3

am glad that the South African government is presently also working towards a gun-free
society.
Alfred Nobel is no longer known as “King of Dynamite” — he is remembered as
“Captain of Peace”!